Hellenism, Roman Citizenship and the Jewish Role in Apostle Pauls Background Free Essay Example, 5250 words

Tarsus was an important port about 10.2 miles up the river Cyndus from the southern coast of what is modern-day Turkey and it had a long and illustrious history, even before the time of Paul. Alexander the Great (d. 323 B. C.) had taken it over during one of his expansionist campaigns and it was granted the privileged status of a city-state in the Greek empire in 170 B. The city may well have enjoyed its connections with the Greek centres of learning and power, but it is important to remember that even in this early period the Greek domains were extremely varied in their history and worldviews. Walbank3 argues that the Hellenistic influence in the period of Alexander the Great spread very fast into Asia Minor but in some places, it had much more of an effect on the local cultures and practices than in others. There was no such thing as a heterogeneous Greek culture, and as the empire began to contract under pressure from pagan tribes and the advance of the up and coming Roman Empire , there was in many places a great deal of disappointment and disillusionment in the old Greek ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Hellenism, Roman Citizenship and the Jewish Role in Apostle Paul's Background or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page 291); mention of a prophet from Crete who insulted his own people in Titus 12 is a third classical reference, traced back to the poet Epimenides (6th century BC). Further evidence for this line of reasoning has been found in the style of writing that Paul uses, particularly in his sermons and letters. Drane detects a Stoic style of writing and some similarities in Paul s theology and Stoic philosophy. The Stoic branch of Greek philosophy was quite fatalistic.

Security Safety And Health Care Essay - 1173 Words

Introduction and Background This records examines driving IT security systems in healthcare organzations, IT security hazard evaluation and comparing IT security controls in healthcare segment. Notwithstanding over, the report additionally addresses physical and human related controls which are straightforwardly connected with IT security related controls and late advancements in that. Leadership involved with i.t security management/ credentials/ training IT Security Strategies in Health Care In this day and age of essential electronic data and vindictive dangers, healthcare associations are finding that a responsive, base up, technology-driven way to deal with deciding security and protection prerequisites is not satisfactory to ensure the association and its patients. To evade breaks of touchy data and different sorts of security occurrences, healthcare associations must take a proactive, preventive approach with thoughtfulness regarding future security and protection needs. To apply the constrained assets accessible in a way that amplifies the decrease of business hazard, healthcare associations ought to utilize a top-down approach in light of hazard evaluation, and ought to moderate hazard through a mix of authoritative, physical, and specialized security controls. Building your association s security and protection capacities is an incremental, iterative, and progressing process. Subsequently, building up a suitable IT security system is a vital piece of socialShow M oreRelatedP4 - health, safety and security within a health and social care sector1408 Words   |  6 Pagesdealing with two particular incidents or emergencies in a health and social care setting. Fire, When you are working within a health and social care setting the most important thing is to evacuate the people that is in your care out of the building first. When you are working in an organisation you should always familiarise yourself with where the fire exits, fire alarms and fire extinguishers are located. If you are working within a care setting with elderly residents and there is a fire itRead MoreDiscuss Health, Safety or Security Concerns Arising from a Specific Incident or Emergency in a Health or Social Care Setting.605 Words   |  3 PagesUnit  3:  Health,  Safety  and  Security  in  Health  and  Social  Care M3:  Discuss  health,  safety  or  security  concerns  arising  from  a  specific  incident  or  emergency  in  a health  or  social  care  setting. In   a   health   and   social   care   setting   such   as   a  hospital  there  are  many  incidents  and  emergencies  that can   occur,   as   I   have   already   discussed   in   my   P4.   One   emergency   I   have   chosen   to   discuss   in further   detail  is  in  the  case  of  a  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœfire’,  and  the  health,  safety  and  security  concerns  that  could  arise  inRead MoreDiscuss Health, Safety or Security Concerns Arising from a Specific Incident or Emergency in a Health and Social Care Setting.1262 Words   |  6 PagesM3: discuss health, safety or security concerns arising from a specific incident or emergency in a health and social care setting. In this report I am going to discuss health, safety and security concerns that may arise when dealing with abuse and intruders in entry and foundation at Haringey sixth form centre. Incidents of suspected or actual Abuse The main concern that may arise when dealing with abuse is communication. This becomes a major concern as if a student’s has a hearing or speechRead MoreOutline How Legislation, Policies and Procedures Relating to Health, Safety and Security Influence Health and Social Care Settings.2263 Words   |  10 Pages3 Purple Group Legislation, Policies and Procedures for Health, Safety and Security. P2 – In this essay I am going to outline how legislation, policies and procedures relating to health, safety and security influence health and social care settings. M1 – I am also going to describe how health and safety legislation, policies and procedures promote the safety of individuals in a health or social care setting. Health and Safety Legislation Legislation is a law or act which has been enactedRead MoreEssay on Health and Social Care960 Words   |  4 PagesUnderstand how health and safety legislation is implemented in the health and social care workplace 1.1 Review systems, policies and procedures for communicating information on health and social care workplace in accordance with legislative requirements. 1.2 Assess the responsibilities in a specific health and social care work place for the management of health and safety in relation to organizational structure. 1.3 Analyse health and safety priorities appropriate for a specific health and socialRead MoreDIACAP : Analysis And Outline Of The Dod Information Systems1102 Words   |  5 Pageswhile lastly being decommissioned. DIACAP has been observed to offer visibility and management for the safe running of the DoD information systems. In many cases, DIACAP considers business or mission need, the safety of individually obvious facts, protection of the data being processed and safety of the surrounding of the systems facts. Various artifacts constitute the DIACAP package. Accordingly, the System Identification Profile (SIP) comprises the set of facts collected during registration of theRead Moreï » ¿CASE STUDY 1 for LO1 Essay1018 Words   |  5 Pagescorporate and clinical guidance, it set about taking a whole systems approach to managing corporate risk, giving one of its director’s responsibility for the leadership of health and safety for the first time. Health and safety was also made a key item on the board agenda. This has resulted in a much better integrated health and safety management system that increases the opportunity to identify and manage all corporate risks, and a much more open culture, improving reporting and monitoring. The boardRead Morehealth and safety in the health and social care workplace1112 Words   |  5 Pages 1. How Health and Safety legislation is implemented in the workplace ( Learning Outcome 1) 2. The ways in which health and safety requirements impact on customers and the work of practitioners, staff, visitors and clients in the health and social care workplace (Learning Outcome 2) 3. The monitoring and review of health and safety policies in the health and social care workplace (Learning Outcome 3) Read MoreWorkplace Violence and Hospital Safety1468 Words   |  6 PagesHospital Safety Workplace violence is a serious issue in all workplace settings in the United States, health care included. It is unfortunate that places that offer services to help better people’s health and lives are also places that experience terrifying life-threatening situations, but this is sadly the case. Between the years of 2000 and 2011, there were 154 documented, hospital-related shooting events in 148 hospitals across the nation that affected 253 victims (Kelen, Catlett, Kubut, HsiehRead Morect 301 understand health and safety in social care1729 Words   |  7 PagesCT 301 1.1 List legislation relating to general health and safety in a sociel care setting. Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (also referred to as HSWA, the HSW Act, the 1974 Act or HASAWA) is the primary piece of legislation covering occupational health and safety in Great Britain. The Health and Safety Executive, with local authorities (and other enforcing authorities) is responsible for enforcing the Act and a number of other Acts and Statutory Instruments relevant to the working environment

Reporting System in Australia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Explain the Differential Reporting System in Australia and Critically evaluate the impacts of the Reduced Disclosure Requirements on the two Fundamental qualitative Answer: Introduction: In accounting standard of Australia a form of differential reporting has been included since the year 1990. The theory of reporting firms forms the centre of the differential reporting regime (Aasb.gov.au 2017). Differential reporting has been in Australia based on the concept of reporting unit. Presently this is about to transform after the drive by the Australian Accounting Standards Board to substitute the concept of Reporting Entity with the help of model that is more regulatory of the approach. The Australian accounting standard board has determined that an amended financial reporting regime with all the monetary financial which is equipped and lodged with ASIC under the Corporations Act 2001 will be considered as the general purpose financial reports based on the availability of access by the public register users. It is noteworthy to denote that the board has identified the differential reporting framework which is present preceding the AASB 1053 (Khokan, Rahman and Taher 2014). This comprises of the costs involved in the preparation of general purpose monetary statement for a number of firms were superior to benefits for the users of persons monetary report due to the structure that have led to the requirement for general purpose financial statements which were highly troublesome for several entities. As evident the users were not satisfied for other companies because the framework was being implemented in a manner that some firms were continuously reported as the non-reporting entities and preparing only definite purpose monetary statement (Tsalavoutas and Dionysiou 2014). For that reason, the board has determined in amending the differential reporting structure that was suitable for the board to also take into the considerations for revision. This is because the board consider the needs for general purpose monetary statement that vary from the Australia Accounting Standard. Discussion: The AASB in recent times issued two principles which will include the disclosure requirement for specific organizations preparing the general purpose monetary statements (B Glaum et al. 2013). The general objective is to shift all the companies in the direction of preparation of general purpose monetary reports with the objective of increasing the consistency and transparency at the same time by preserving the significance of these statements by eliminating the needless disclosures. Organizations capabilities derive the benefit of lowered disclosure needs that depends on the tier belonging inside the standards. As per AASB 1057 Application of Australian Accounting Standards recognizes the implementation of standard to companies and monetary statements. According to the AASB 1053 Application of Tiers of Australian Accounting Standards it lays down the differential reporting framework comprising of the two tiers of reporting obligations for preparing the general purpose financial statement (Beerbaum and Piechocki 2016). The requirements of Tier 1 integrate International Financial Reporting Standards that comprises of the interpretations that is issued by the IASB with the incorporation of subsection on the implementation of the each standard in the Australian environment. The entities that are publicly responsible for the profit, private sector are under obligation to take up the Tier 1 needs and hence they are under obligations to meet the terms of the IFRS. In addition to this other for-profit private companies meeting the terms of Tier 1 needs will at the same time obey with the IFRS. Some of the organizations agreeing with the Tier 1 requirements will concurrently act in accordance with the IFRS. Tier 2 on the hand, consists of the identification and measurement requirements of the Tier 1 however considerably concentrated disclosure requirements in respect of Tier 1. The AAS also comprises of the requirements which is exact for the Australian Entities. These requirements might be located in the AAS that integrates the not-for-profit or public sectors along with the disclosures that addresses the domestic regulatory or other issues (Chaudhry et al. 2015). Such kinds of requirements do not prohibit the publicly accountable profit making entities from complying with the IFRS. The AASB has reassessed their standards by specifying relevant information to be incorporated in the monetary reports of the organizations that are entitled to make use of the concentrated disclosure regime. The proposal that is stated in the Exposure Draft 277 of Reduced Disclosure Requirements for Tier 2 Entities proposes to deal with the concerns regarding the extent and significance of the reports that is generated under the present RDR. According to Flower (2016), AASB is keenly conscious of the requirement to eliminate the unnecessary or overly detailed disclosure and to enhance the disclosure requirements. These proposals helps in creating a balanced approached amid the preparer effort and the user requirement. In practice there are some of the companies that have the option of adopting the RDR instead of using the special purpose reports (Tsalavoutas and Dionysiou 2014). With large number of growing concern from the supervisors, shareholders and the broader community regarding the anticipation that these tenders will help in encouraging more companies to undertake the GPFR by using the reduced disclosure requirements regime. Particularly, the AASB is proposing to lower the reduce disclosure requirements that is required around the financial instruments and interest in other companies depending upon the feedback from the elements where these disclosure requirements were too detailed and contained little interest to the reports of the users (Macve 2015). It is noteworthy to denote that all the preparers of the GPFR can make the selection of adopting the Reduced Disclosure requirements under the second tier provided that they are not publicly responsible and are not required by the relevant regulator to be under the Tier 1 (Beerbaum and Piechocki 2016). It should be borne in mind that the Government and universities cannot make application for the Reduced Disclosure Requirements. The Australian Accounting Standard Board has made its intention of removing the reporting entity theory that would eliminate the capability of the organization in preparing the special purpose financial reports. Nevertheless, the AASB has undertaken the decision that the primary step of implementing the RDR the reporting unit impression can be continuously used. This will be reconsidered once more by the AASB in upcoming course. The special purpose financial reports will not able to take the advantage of Reduced Disclosure Requirements relief for accounting standards to which they comply (Glaum et al. 2013). This represents that some of the disclosure requirements are not any more required in the RDR of GPFR that would yet be required in the special purpose financial reports. Directors and the committee members can make the choice of moving from the special purpose financial reports to the Reduced Disclosure Requirements GPFR from the early implementation of AASB 1053 and AASB 2010-2. Given that an organization makes the decision of early adoption, the notes to the monetary reports should comprise of an open statement of conformity within the AAS reduced disclosure requirements (Macve 2015). The organization needs to be industrious in assuring that all the Required Disclosure Requirements are met. Considerations should be made to the disclosure requirements that might not be required. Conclusion: On arriving at the conclusion it is noteworthy to denote that the directors and members of Committee have the accountability of making sure that their monetary reporting is in compliance with the requirements of the users. Such kinds of changes provide the chance to take into the considerations the information requirements of the users along with the level of compliance with the AAS. The changes also state an opportunity to educating the board in regard to the fiscal reporting obligations. Perhaps several entities will consider the changes as the opportunity of moving from special purpose financial reporting to general purpose financial reporting Reference List: Guthrie, J. and Pang, T.T., 2013. Disclosure of Goodwill Impairment under AASB 136 from 20052010.Australian Accounting Review,23(3), pp.216-231. Kabir, H., Rahman, A.R. and Su, L., 2017. The Association between Goodwill Impairment Loss and Goodwill Impairment Test-Related Disclosures in Australia. Aasb.gov.au. (2017).Australian Accounting Standards Board (AASB) - Home. [online] Available at: https://www.aasb.gov.au [Accessed 31 Aug. 2017]. Khokan Bepari, M., F. Rahman, S. and Taher Mollik, A., 2014. Firms' compliance with the disclosure requirements of IFRS for goodwill impairment testing: Effect of the global financial crisis and other firm characteristics.Journal of Accounting Organizational Change,10(1), pp.116-149. Tsalavoutas, I. and Dionysiou, D., 2014. Value relevance of IFRS mandatory disclosure requirements.Journal of Applied Accounting Research,15(1), pp.22-42. Glaum, M., Schmidt, P., Street, D.L. and Vogel, S., 2013. Compliance with IFRS 3-and IAS 36-required disclosures across 17 European countries: company-and country-level determinants.Accounting and business research,43(3), pp.163-204. Beerbaum, D. and Piechocki, M., 2016. IFRS 9 and IFRS 7 Disclosure RequirementsAn Analysis of the IASB Taxonomy. Chaudhry, A., Coetsee, D., Bakker, E., Varughese, S., McIlwaine, S., Fuller, C., Rands, E., de Vos, N., Longmore, S. and Balasubramanian, T.V., 2015. Presentation of Financial Statements.2015 Interpretation and Application of International Financial Reporting Standards, pp.39-57. Flower, J., 2016.European financial reporting: adapting to a changing world. Springer. Macve, R., 2015.A Conceptual Framework for Financial Accounting and Reporting: Vision, Tool, Or Threat?. Routledge.

Effective use of Job Analysis in Enterprise †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Effective use of Job Analysis. Answer: Background This briefing paper mainly provides an overview of the effective use of job analysis in any business enterprise (Schmidt Hunter, 2014). Various factors are noted in the regular practice of job analysis that deals with employee satisfaction as well as motivation. One of the major issues that are faced by business organization is managing their human power that results in poor performance. The present research is conducted to provide details of effective use of job analysis in given business enterprise (Vansteenkiste, Deschacht Sels, 2015). Job Analysis is one of the most crucial sectors of human resource management that is the place of all HR behavior in an organization for smooth functioning of business enterprise. The Job Analysis mainly focuses upon work related information for the job. With increased competition and technological advancement, it is noted that jobs are volatile by nature and team-based at the same time. It is important for the business enterprise to understand th e job that is determined by their employees and through understanding and providing employees with the relevant tools in the most appropriate way (Weigl et al., 2014). Job analysis is one of the method that gathers and examines facts about the content as well as person necessities of jobs and background to which jobs are performed. In addition, job analysis is used for determining placement of jobs. Furthermore, job analysis is a logical study of jobs for determining what behavior and tasks are present in relative importance in comparing with other jobs (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016). Analysis: Significant aspects of current topic or issue on Job Analysis The rationale of current briefing paper is to highlight the problem that arises from Job Analysis and then recommending an effective use of job analysis at workplace (Vansteenkiste, Deschacht Sels, 2015). Problem with job analysis Lack of management support-One of the issues with Job Analysis is lack of support from management. The issue takes place when job forecaster does not get appropriate support from the administration (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016). It is important for the top management to speak with middle level administrator and human resources for enhancing the production output of the process. If there is improper communication within the human resources, they can take it in a wrong sense as well as start looking for any other selection criteria. Without proper support from management, the employees may feel left out or develop a notion in their mind that the company may fire them so the people in management are ignoring the employees (Suthar, Chakravarthi Pradhan, 2014). It is recommended to the top level management that they should converse the right significance to their management. Lack of cooperation from human resources- One of the issue with Job Analysis is lack of cooperation from human resources. It is nearly unfeasible to collect genuine, reliable and precise job data without support from the management. If the management does not cooperate, it is sheer waste of time, human effort and money for conducting job analysis procedure. The management should take the workers in self-assurance and communicate with them for solving all types of problems (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016). Failure to recognize the importance of job analysis- One of the problems with Job Analysis is inability to identify the need of job analysis (Suthar, Chakravarthi Pradhan, 2014). If the objectives and need of job analysis procedure are not correctly recognized, then the whole exercise of examination is to carry out the research in proper way. It is significant for the manager to choose in advance why the procedure is being carried out and what the objectives with the available recorded data are (Suthar, Chakravarthi Pradhan, 2014). Biasness of Job Analyst- One of the problems with Job Analysis is biasness of job analyst (Vansteenkiste, Deschacht Sels, 2015). A balanced and impartial approach becomes inevitability when carrying out the procedure of job examination. In order to get access to real and authentic data, the job forecaster needs to act neutral in their approach. It is recommended to hire a professional job analyst who remains unbiased in their job activities. Using single data source- One of the problems with Job Analysis is using single data source (Spell, Eby Vandenberg, 2014). A job market analyst needs to believe more than one sources of data or collecting true facts. It is important to consider the fact that collecting data from a single foundation of data may lead to incorrectness as well as defeats the overall reason of behavior the job analysis procedure (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016).. Actions taken to address the issue Job Analysis takes into account collection as well as recording of job related data like knowledge and skills that is needed for performing a job, duties and responsibilities (Morgeson et al., 2016). The major function of job analysis is to find any relevant information that correctly fits between the job and worker for assessing the performance of a worker for determining the worth of specific task and analyzing guidance and growth need of employees for delivering particular job (Vansteenkiste, Deschacht Sels, 2015). For instance, for analyzing job of an managerial sales director, it is required to first decide the worth of the job and then examine whether the person is able to bring what is predictable from the sales manager (Cheramie et al., 2014). It is also important to know whether the candidate is perfect for the job or not. The job analysis process is lengthy that involves compilation of other significant details and information like compensation grade, job location, reporting structure, job duties, department or division, communication and physical skills, routine task as well as aptitude to adjust in a given surroundings and management skills (Schmidt Hunter, 2014). Job analysis plays significant role at the time of recruitment and selection, deciding for the compensation and benefits packages, designing of job, evaluation of job as well as examine instruction and expansion needs for assessing the value of a job that will lead to personnel and organizational productivity (Edien, 2015). Recruitment and Selection- One of the purposes of Job Analysis is Recruitment and Selection (Sanchez Levine, 2012). This means that job analysis help in evaluating what kind of individual is needed for performing a specific job. Recruitment and selection process points out the aspects that is essential in a candidate to be eligible for a job such as educational qualifications, technical skills, physical skills, personal skills. The major purpose of recruitment is to locate the right person for right job (Vansteenkiste, Deschacht Sels, 2015). Performance Analysis- One of the purposes of Job Analysis is Performance Analysis (Saif et al., 2013). This means that job analysis is performed for checking whether the goals and objectives of a specific job are met or not. By conducting performance analysis, it is easy to decide over the performance standards as well as evaluation criteria and output of an individual. Therefore, the overall performance of employees is measured based on their performance in a particular work (Sanchez Levine, 2012). Training and Development- One of the purposes of job analysis is training and development (Vansteenkiste, Deschacht Sels, 2015). Here, job analysis can be evaluated for assessing the training and expansion needs of human resources. Furthermore, the disparity between the predictable as well as definite output explains the level of training that need to be given to employees. Therefore, training and development sessions help in deciding the content of the training, tools and equipments that need to be used for conducting training and other technique of teaching activities (Saif et al., 2013). Compensation Management- One of the principles of job analysis is compensation management (Nikolaou, 2014). In addition, job analysis plays a significant role while deciding the pay correspondence as well as extra perks, incentives and reimbursement of human resources. Furthermore, the pay packages depend mainly on the position, responsibilities, job title and duties concerned in a job. Therefore, the job analysis procedure guides the human resource manager when they know the worth of employees for specific job opening (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016). Job scheming and Redesigning- One of the reason of job analysis is job designing and redesigning (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016). In addition, the main reason of job examination is to rationalize the human efforts as well as getting the best possible output. The job analysis help in designing, enriching as well as redesigning and cutting back extra responsibilities in a specific job. Therefore, the job analysis is performed for enhancing the employee satisfaction at the time of increasing the human output (Ali-Hassan, Nevo Wade, 2015). Job analysis deals with development of positions where the business needs to fill up attributes for completing the mission statement (Suthar, Chakravarthi Pradhan, 2014). Job analysis is one of the critical components of strategic solution that explain how human resources will be used within the business and the purpose can be broken into diverse roles. The first role of Job Analysis is to develop the success factors of personnel of business. There are various companies that have diverse meaning of achievement (Morgeson et al., 2016). Job analysis is one of the processes that obtain facts about jobs by influential on what are the duties, activities and tasks. It is the responsibility of the HR managers to use data for developing job descriptions and job specifications based on recruitment, employee performance appraisal as well as training and career expansion. The main principle of job analysis is to recover in the presentation of an organization as well as productivity at the same time (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016). There are several problem that is associated to job analysis where human resource manager need to decide upon how to decide the need of new human resources in an association, where to place human resources in order to exploit their proficiency and aptitude, how to eliminate unneeded jobs, how to set sensible presentation dimension principles as well as how to recognize the jobs and arrange a plan to fill it as well (Bardach Patashnik, 2015). The above listed problems can be effectively managed with the help of job analysis. T is the responsibility of the managers to deal with such types of challenges in daily operations of the company where they need to accomplish successfully and professionally in relation to selection, resource recruitment, satisfaction and adding extra responsibilities and duties (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016). An effective as well as right process need to be used at the time of analyzing a specific job. It helps in maintaining the right quality of employees, measuring the performance of realistic performance and assessing the training and development needs for increasing the level of productivity (Cheramie et al., 2014). Using Job Analysis can solve all the problems that are listed in the section above as job analysis help in establishing and documenting competencies that is essential for a job for recognizing the job-relatedness and given that a basis of permissible defensibility of an appraisal and assortment events (Edien, 2015). The action that should be taken by the management is determining the need of training for testing activities (Vansteenkiste, Deschacht Sels, 2015). Equipment should be utilized for carrying the teaching sessions and methods of training such as computer-based, small group as well as video presentation and classroom presentation. Job analysis can be used for presentation appraisal to recognize ways for developing objective as well as goals, evaluation criteria, presentation main beliefs as well as length of provisional periods. In addition, the job analysis can be used in collection events for recognizing ways for developing job duties that should be integrated in announcement of vacant positions; suitable salary level of the place for determining what income should be offered to an applicant (Haider et al, 2015). There are different that are used for understanding the jobs such as workflow analysis, re-engineering, job design, job analysis and job descriptions. Here, workflow examina tion means the study of way of work such as inputs, activities and outputs that moves through an association. In addition, Business procedure re-engineering is a procedure that measures ways for improving such behavior like product expansion, examination delivery and customer examination (Van Yperen, Wrtler De Jonge, 2016).. Job analysis can be used in reimbursement for determining skill levels, compensable job factors, work surroundings such as attention, physical efforts, hazards and responsibilities and required level of education (Kang Ritzhaupt, 2015). Cautionary notes The briefing paper had been written in a way by keeping in mind that the content should not hurt sentiments of any person and organization in a negative way. Entire briefing paper was written to understand the issue with job analysis and then suggesting effective use of job analysis. The content of the briefing paper contains information from reliable sources such as peer-reviewed journal articles, authentic websites and academic books for reference purpose. References Ali-Hassan, H., Nevo, D., Wade, M. (2015). Linking dimensions of social media use to job performance: The role of social capital.The Journal of Strategic Information Systems,24(2), 65-89. Bardach, E., Patashnik, E. M. (2015).A practical guide for policy analysis: The eightfold path to more effective problem solving. CQ press. Cheramie, R., Fuller, B., Simmering, M. J., Marler, L. E., Cox, S. S. (2014). Improving Career Development in Students by Developing Job Analysis Skills.Learning in Higher Education, 49. Edien, A. (2015). Effects of job analysis on personnel innovation, International Journal of Business and Management Invention, 4(10), 9-18. Haider, M., Aamir, A., Hamid, A. A., Hashim, M. (2015). A literature Analysis on the Importance of Non-Financial Rewards for Employees' Job Satisfaction.Abasyn Journal of Social Sciences,8(2), 341-354. Kang, Y., Ritzhaupt, A. D. (2015). A job announcement analysis of educational technology professional positions: Knowledge, skills, and abilities.Journal of Educational Technology Systems,43(3), 231-256. Morgeson, F. P., Spitzmuller, M., Garza, A. S., Campion, M. A. (2016). Pay attention! The liabilities of respondent experience and carelessness when making job analysis judgments.Journal of Management,42(7), 1904-1933. Nikolaou, I. (2014). Social networking web sites in job search and employee recruitment.International Journal of Selection and Assessment,22(2), 179-189. Saif, N., Khan, M., Rehman, K., Rehman, Z., Nawa, T., Naqeeb, M. (2013). Competency based job analysis. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(1), 105-111. Sanchez, J., Levine, E. (2012). The rise and fall of job analysis and the future of work analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 397-425. Schmidt, F. L., Hunter, J. E. (2014).Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Sage publications. Spell, H. B., Eby, L. T., Vandenberg, R. J. (2014). Developmental climate: A cross-level analysis of voluntary turnover and job performance.Journal of vocational behavior,84(3), 283-292. Suthar, B., Chakravarthi, T., Pradhan, S. (2014). Impacts of job analysis on organizational performance: An inquiry on Indian public sector enterprises. Procedia Economics and Finance, 11, 166-181. Van Yperen, N. W., Wrtler, B., De Jonge, K. M. (2016). Workers' intrinsic work motivation when job demands are high: The role of need for autonomy and perceived opportunity for blended working.Computers in Human Behavior,60, 179-184. Vansteenkiste, S., Deschacht, N., Sels, L. (2015). Why are unemployed aged fifty and over less likely to find a job? A decomposition analysis.Journal of Vocational Behavior,90, 55-65. Weigl, M., Mller, A., Hornung, S., Leidenberger, M., Heiden, B. (2014). Job resources and work engagement: The contributing role of selection, optimization, and compensation strategies at work.Journal for Labour Market Research,47(4), 299-312.

Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay Essay Example

Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay Essay Aging people with a developmental disablement have been populating every bit long as people in the general population ( Brown A ; Percy, 2003 ) . However, the populations of people who are aging with a disablement age 20 to twenty five old ages faster than an aging grownup without a disablement. Therefore, health professionals may non understand the issues that are happening ( Kailes, 2008 ) . There is an sweetening in wellness attention, betterments in nutrition and criterions of life have been increased, this could be the ground why aging people with a disablement are populating longer ( Brown A ; Percy, 2003 ) . This besides could be because there are more supports set in topographic point for persons. Peoples with developmental disablements did non unrecorded past the age of 20 legion old ages ago, a ground for this could be that these persons did nt hold picks and where kept in refuges where they were mistreated ( Brown A ; Percy, Developmenatal disablements, 2003 ) . Now a t wenty-four hours s, persons have picks to populate life as they see fit. This has led us to believe that their quality of life has increased because these persons are populating a full life filled with hopes, and dreams. Since people with a developmental disablement are populating longer, they are faced with the same aging concerns as the following individual, for case, Alzheimer disease, respiratory jobs, and loss of vision and hearing are all aging issues ( Brown A ; Percy, Developmental Disabilities, 2003 ) . Peoples with developmental disablements are more prone to certain wellness issues because their immune system is weaker and the opportunities of acquiring ill are increased. Besides, aging people with disablements have a hard clip happening proper wellness attention ( Brown A ; Percy, Developmental Disabilities, 2003 ) . These persons deserve the same intervention as you and I receive ; nevertheless, the medical universe may hold a hard clip naming the job due to the indiv idual s age and their disablement. This could be because their communicating may non be as strong ; hence, it could do a job with happening the proper medicine or interventions ( Brown A ; Percy, Developmental Disabilities, 2003 ) Family Care and Supports We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Developmental Disability And Aging Analysis Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When household members such as, parents, siblings, aunts or uncles attention for an aged individual with a disablement, it can be strenuous on everyone involved because happening attention for persons can be hard. When the duty lies on the household members they may non hold the resources for their loved 1s. With that being said, one of the biggest barriers for aging people with disablements is the deficiency of proper supports needed for these persons ( Kailes, 2008 ) . This can do household members to emphasize because they may experience they re non making plenty. This can be a burdensome period for all involved because there is a batch of planning and determination devising when their loved 1s are in the phases of excess attention. Families need compassion and supports to get the better of these barriers and necessitate a spot of understanding. Most times it is a parent that cares for these persons until they can non, any longer. Some of the things that health professionals or household members need to believe about are wellness attention, fiscal planning, populating agreements, and a determination shaper if the aging grownup is unable to make so for themselves. If a Care giver or household member becomes ill themselves, or even passes off before holding a future program set for their loved 1s, it can be chilling and confusing clip for the person if they need aid or have specific demands. This means household members and/or health professionals need to believe about the different supports that are needed to be set in topographic point for the aging individual. However, one of the jobs with happening attention for aging people with a disablement is the long waiting list to acquire any aid. As of March 10, 2010, six hundred people where on the waiting list at Brampton Caledon Community Living group place ( BCCL ) ( Criscione, 2010 ) . Some people have waited longer than a decennary to acquire the service they n eeded ( Criscione, 2010 ) . Some of the installations that can assist health professionals or household members are Mary Centre, Community Care Accesses Centre, Baycrest and Older Adults Centres Association of Ontario. At Mary Centre they value the self-respect, unity, individualism and duty of all persons that walk through their doors ( Mary Centre, n.d ) . They want to supply new chances for grownups with developmental disablements and ever works toward assisting these persons achieve greater assurance and personal independency, so they can take portion in carry throughing educational, employment and life experiences ( Mary Centre, n.d ) . Community Care Accesses Centre ( CCAC ) is a great organisation for that person who finally wants to populate independently in their ain place or encourages these persons to use for admittance to a long term attention place ( CCAC, 2010 ) . CCAC works together while affecting doctors, hospital squads and other wellness attention suppliers to heighten entree and co-ordinati on for people who need attention in the community ( CCAC, 2010 ) . At Baycrest they focus on aging persons with disablements and are bettering the wellness of these persons through their research and instruction ( Baycrest, 2011 ) . They provide attention for persons seeking health plans, residential lodging and outpatient clinics ( Baycrest, 2011 ) . This organisation finally wants to supply attention to aging persons and wants to go on back uping this population. Last, at Older Adults Centres Association of Ontario ( OACAO ) they are an organisation of senior Centres and are dedicated to advancing chances that lead to healthy and active life manners ( OACAO, n.d ) . Everyone is involved seven yearss a hebdomad and people at OACAO are said to be astonishing ( OACAO, n.d ) . It is besides a fantastic topographic point for seniors to travel to have support throughout all facets of their twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours lives. Fiscal One of the income supports available to older grownups with a developmental disablement is the Ontario Disability Support Program ( ODSP ) . ODSP provides for basic life demands and lodging every bit good as offering employment aid by supplying support in assisting people enter into the work force. In add-on, other support benefits included in ODSP are directed toward wellness and single demands. In order to measure up for ODSP, an single must be 18 old ages of age or older, and have a disablement which meets the general standard of a disablement every bit good as the fiscal demands stated by the ODSP. The check is collectible straight to the individual unless there are palliating fortunes, or the individual with the disablement marks a legal papers saying that money be paid elsewhere, such as for lodging. Another fiscal support available is the Old Age Security ( OAS ) . OAS fiscal assistance is an sum paid to about all Canadians over the age of 65. Stipulations in order to have sup port include: being older than 65, holding Canadian citizenship or legal residence in Canada, and must hold lived in Canada for more than ten old ages after going 18 old ages old. A full OAS pension is merely collectible to individuals populating in Canada for more than forty old ages. Some persons may besides measure up for the Canadian Pension Plan Disability Benefit ( CPP ) , if they have already sufficiently contributed to the CPP. The CPP is merely available to individuals whose disablement prohibits them from keeping regular employment. In add-on, the disablement must last for a really long clip, or be terminal. Disabilities experienced after the age of sixty- five do non run into the standards. If a individual is deemed incapable of pull offing his/her ain support, so a Power of Attorney may make so. The assorted Governments funding available in Canada allows for adjustment, basic life disbursals and money for specialised services and equipment. Everyone over the age of 18 should hold a Power of Attorney ( utility determination shaper ) to forestall aliens and people who do non hold their best involvements at bosom make determinations for them, if unable to make for themselves. Harmonizing to the jurisprudence, there are some limitations as to who may be appointed as a Power of Attorney: the informants must be 18 old ages of age or older, and can non be either the kid or partner of the individual who has chosen the lawyer. The papers itself must be signed and dated by the individual taking the Power of Attorney, the appointed person, every bit good as two informants. This ensures the legality of the papers. A attorney is recommended for audience in all facets of the Power of Attorney for Personal Care papers so that it is done decently, therefore protecting the determinations and desires of the individual. If an person with a developmental disablement is unable to take their ain Power of Attorney, the Consent and Capacity Bo ard ( was begun under the Mental Health Act, specifically to keep hearings sing utility decision-making ) authorization to name the person s parent or legal defender. The Board is able to form hearings to make this harmonizing to the Health Care Consent Act and the Substitute Decisions Act, which are governed by statute law. Maltreatment Maltreatment and disregard of people with developmental disablements should be a public wellness concern because persons with developmental disablements are more likely to be victimized more frequently than other citizens are and are at higher hazard for re-victimization ( Qam Training ) . Peoples with developmental disablements are besides frequently badly abused and for longer periods. Most normally are persons victimized in their places by individuals they know, and who may be responsible for their services and supports ( Qam Training ) . Peoples with developmental disablements are inadequately educated and supported to acknowledge, countermove, and prosecute options to opprobrious fortunes ( Abuse and Neglect of Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Public Health Priority for the State of California, 2003 ) . Peoples with disablements have different profiles for victimization and maltreatment than the non-disabled population ( Abuse and Neglect of Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Public Health Priority for the State of California, 2003 ) . There are many questions as to why persons withhold from showing to us they are being abused. There are some specific replies, like they fear acquiring in problem for coverage, and that they are neer believed, so why study ( Qam Training ) . Additionally, fright of revenge from the offender if they do describe, or horror that they will hold to travel from their place as a solution to the maltreatment happening ( Abuse and Neglect of Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Public Health Priority for the State of California, 2003 ) . Some individuals with developmental disablements must number on others to place that they are being abused, and to take appropriate action to advise constabulary ( Qam Training ) . Yet few household members, supports, and suppliers are adequately educated to acknowledge marks of maltreatment in persons with developmental disablements ( Abuse and Neglect of Adults with Developmental Disabilities: A Public Health Priority for the State of California, 2003 ) . Service Workers should look for countries of distrustful bruising which include the interior thighs, back of an person s legs, their eyes, upper weaponries and their upper back. The human organic structure is formed in a manner that when an single falls normal countries of hurt are the individuals articulatio genuss, shins, custodies, and their brow ( Qam Training ) . Double Diagnoses and Comorbidity Adults with a developmental disablement are at the same danger for Alzheimer s disease or other signifiers of dementedness as are persons in the general public. However, there are persons with a developmental disablement who are at greater hazard of developing these diseases. These hazard factors include if the person is over 40 old ages of age and has Down syndrome. Peoples with Down syndrome make up approx. 60 per centum of the grownups with developmental disablements who show marks of likely Alzheimer s disease ( Risk factors for Alzheimer s disease or dementedness among people with developmental disablements ) . Although, the presence of these factors does non needfully intend that Alzheimer s disease or a signifier of dementedness will happen. The presence of one or more of these hazards should alarm attention suppliers to the amplified likeliness of the individual with a developmental disablement developing this unwellness ( Risk factors for Alzheimer s disease or dementedness among people with developmental disablements ) . In decision people that are aging with a disablement need a small compassion and apprehension ; there should be a simple and clear way for the aging individual with a disablement and for the household members. This would assist the single header with the trials that are associated with aging ; a positive perceptive can assist everyone involved. The people who are worried for their loved 1s need to acknowledge that a day-to-day and a long term program are needed, particularly if dementedness or other aging concerns start to originate. Their environment should be safe and worry free so they can populate and gracefully age without concern.

English Comparison Essay essays

English Comparison Essay essays Traditional bush stories have always been a part of Australia's history; involving many types of characters like Drovers and Shearers, just to name a couple. Many writers have portrayed these traditional bush characters in different ways! The two bush stories "The Drovers Wife" and "The Graziers Wife" are set in two different time eras and written by two authors from totally different time periods. Both of the main characters in each of the bush stories are quite similar in certain ways yet very different! This essay will compare their personalities their lifestyle and lives in general. "The Drover's Wife" is a very traditional bush story, which mainly focuses a young wife of a Drover who usually lives alone with her three young children on their property deep in the bush. Her husband, "a drover, an ex-squatter, is away with sheep ." "The Drover's Wife" is a tough, strong-willed woman who is devoted to her husband, her children and their farm. The only thing she does for recreation and excitement is read the "Young Ladies' Journal". The whole family, (two parents and four children) live in a "two roomed house made of bark." A recent drought has forced her husband to "sacrifice the remnant of his flock and go droving again ." She doesn't seem to regret the life she has but often she speaks fondly about her "girlish hopes and aspirations, which have long been dead. " During the story a dangerous, venomous snake slips under the house and being the devoted other she piles her four children on top of a table and sacrifices a whole nights sleep to keep watch for the snake. 'The Graziers Wife' is also a very similar bush story written by Christobel Mattingley except it is set around the middle of the 20th Century, about 1960s, 1970's. While The Drover's Wife had to live without her husband, 'The Grazier's Wife' has her husband by her side to work with and to help on the far. Like 'The Drover's Wife' she also ha...

Australian Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Australian Law - Essay Example There also has to be the item being offered and the consideration for the same. It is also worth noting that putting an advertisement on the paper is classified as an invitation to treat (Evan, 2006). This is where the seller is welcoming any prospective buyer to come and make an offer the commodity being sold. However, once the buyer has made the offer and the seller has agreed to take the stated consideration, the contract becomes binding and prevents the seller from rescinding such a contract on any other basis. For the agreement to become binding, the offer must be communicated and the acceptance communicated too, indicating an intention to enter into a contract. If in the communication of the acceptance the offeree changes any term of the original offer, then the contract is breached and not binding any more. If the acceptance happens to be given after the set time for the contract has expired, then the contract can be rescinded (Parkinson, 2001). The most important aspect regar ding the offer and acceptance is that from the judgment of a reasonable ground, the whole deal settles as a bargain that is concluded. Notable also is the fact that both the parties entering into such a contract must have the capacity to engage. Under this provision, a drunk or a minor cannot enter into any binding agreement. In our case, Anton offers to sell a photograph to John. John agrees to buy the photo and then pay for it $10,000. Here, there is an involvement of two parties, the seller, and the buyer. The law requires that the intention by the two parties entering into such a contractual agreement should be to create a contract. In this case, there was a clear intention to form a contract, in the sense that John agreed to purchase the photograph only if it was authentic. The response by Anton was positive. This far, the intended transaction had qualified to be a contract. However, there was an abrupt change of plans when Anton was informed that the same photo would fetch mor e money, to a tune of $ 30,000. By deciding to give out the photograph to be sold at a higher price in auction, well knowing that he had agreed to sell the same to John, Anton breached the agreement. Under the Australian law, there are two provisions that guide the cause of action, once one party to the agreement breaches a contractual agreement. The legislation guiding fair-trading in all the Australian states as well as the law of consumer provides that a party to the contractual agreement who decides to breach the agreement can be sued for damages (Baker, 1995). The fact that Anton breached the agreement gives John a legal right to claim the watch and if not provide to him, then to sue Anton over the same. Thus, in our case, John can take legal action and sue Anton for the breach of contract. However, there are some considerations that need to be done in this case, just before a determination is given as to who bares the responsibility. The fundamental principle of capacity comes into play in this case (Hoggers, 2008). We are not told the age of both the seller and the buyer. If it happens that Anton was below the legal age of responsibility, then John have no legal right to sue Anton for the breach of that contract. The state of the two parties entering the contract is not given also. Considering the fact that any contract entered into by parties who are drunk or not sober is not binding,

EA Framework Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EA Framework Paper - Essay Example These needs depend on the complexity of the organizations operations and the amount of data traffic that they experience. The frameworks have different components, which make up their basic operations. These components include, the views, the methods and the training involved. The two most common frameworks employed are, The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) and the Zachman Institute for Framework Architecture (ZIFA). In this paper, the discussion will focus on TOGAF. The Open Group Architecture Framework The TOGAF is a framework that is commonly used in organizations that are developing the enterprise architecture for their internal use. This framework provides an approach to planning, designing and implementation of the enterprise architecture that is very holistic. The TOGAF is a trademark registered by the Open Group in the United States of America and in other countries of the world as well (Bernard, 2005). Its basic structure is based on the notions of modularization an d standardization. The methodologies and technologies used in its design are ones that have been existing and been duly tested and proven. The framework is comprised of three main components that make up its structure. The first one is the Architecture Development Method. This component is used to determine the type of enterprise architecture that will be implemented in the organization. It derives this based on the operations of that organization. The second component is the TOGAF Enterprise Continuum. This component illustrates how the different architecture is developed from their foundation and through all the different models according to their functions. The third component is the TOGAF resource base; this provides the tools necessary for the application of TOGAF. The resource base provides the techniques based on the requirements of the business or on the type of the business (Ross, 2006). The Architecture Development Method forms the core of TOGAF and it has been specificall y designed to tackle the organizations business needs and information systems needs, as well. The TOGAF, as all other frameworks has its strengths and weaknesses. Its strengths appeal to the users and make it a better choice compared to the others. It has weaknesses in other areas but with the continuing development, these weaknesses are looking to be eliminated or reduced to a minimum. One of the strengths of TOGAF is that it performs the process of designing the systems in blocks. This is easy because, when development takes place in block or modules it makes it easier to manage errors, because it is easy to locate them. The development of these blocks can also take place simultaneously, making it time efficient. Development using modules also improves re usability because; common modules can be reused in familiar systems. The framework also provides information on how these blocks interact and fit together. This makes it easier for all the entities involved to understand the syst em, and how it works. Another strength is that, the TOGAF develops a common vocabulary that is used in all that stages of development of the framework (Ross, 2006). The use of a common vocabulary makes the process of designing easier for all the parties involved and it improves communication. The framework al

Child soldiers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Child soldiers - Research Paper Example This paper looks into the causes behind using children in warfare, as well as the various brutal techniques employed by the authorities to recruit or make use of them (War Child; UNICEF). First of all, the reason why children are being used in war is because of the increasing trend in the prevalence of HIV/AIDs. As more and more years go by, the number of adults dying from this disease causes majority of the children to lose at least one or both of their parents. This happens mostly in countries hardest hit by HIV/AIDs. Consequently, there are millions of orphans in these countries with only a few options available for survival. The situation is made worse by the fact that only a few of these countries contain orphanages. Moreover, numerous of these orphans have watched their parents die right before their eyes, and have thus been driven to fend for themselves. As a result, these orphans think that they have nothing more to lose by participating in war (Singer, Peter W 42). In addition to this is the continuous prevalence of global conflict. The number of internal conflicts going on the world today has approximately doubled ever since the Cold War ended. In such violent environments, children have grown up surrounded by bloodshed and have accepted it as a ‘permanent way of life’. Such children are always seen as potential soldiers. Besides seeing all the violence and fighting around them, many children are not provided with life’s basic necessities (education, health care, adequate housing, food, and water). This is especially true for those children who grow up in the middle of war. This is because such environments make it impossible for communities to provide its children with proper care and education. Thus, the weak social structures of such places cause children to turn towards war as a means of escaping these problems (Singer, Peter W 43). Besides this, the manufacture of light weapons contributes to the prevalence,

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) Collection, Preparation and Uses

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) Collection, Preparation and Uses Samuel Good Fresh Frozen Plasma Introduction Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is the name for the liquid portion of human blood, which has been frozen and preserved. It is taken by blood donation and is stored until needed for blood transfusion. FFP has been available since 1941 (Hoffman, et al, 1990), it was used initially as a volume expander (Erber, et al, 2006), but is now used for the â€Å"management and prevention of bleeding in coagulopathic patients† (Ho, et al, 2005). The term FFP is confusing as the plasma cannot be frozen as well as fresh at the same time. What the term implies is that the plasma was frozen rapidly after it was taken and therefore can be considered fresh. The plasma, from a transfusion aspect, contains essential components such as fibrinogen, albumin, globulin and coagulation factors. These allow for specific individual components to be transferred to a recipient who is in need. The most efficient and effective way to make optimum use of blood which has been donated, is to separate it into its individual components. This process allows for a â€Å"wider availability of blood products† (Spence, et al, 2006) and also reduces the risk patients are exposed to â€Å"transfusion-related risks† (Erber, et al, 2006). The use of FFP and its individual products has increased tenfold since its first introduction (Hoffman, et al, 1990). One reason for this may be the declining availability of whole blood because of the trend to use component therapy (Spence, et al, 2006). Collection and Storage When a donor gives a unit of whole blood, the blood is then separated into several components parts. These include; packed red blood cells (pRBC), platelets and FFP. If required the FFP can be further divided into cryoprecipitate and something called cryo-poor plasma. Cryo-poor plasma is rarely used as a therapeutic response (Lauzier, et al, 2007). As mentioned previously, plasma is the non-cellular, liquid part of the blood. It is made up of; water, electrolytes and proteins. The proteins include the clotting factors and intrinsic coagulants (Murray, et al, 1995). The plasma is separated from the blood after donation and then frozen. For the plasma to be considered ‘fresh’ it must be frozen â€Å"within eight hours of collection† (Murray, et al, 1995) and stored at a temperature of minus 18 degrees centigrade or lower. If this fails to happen, the product is known just as ‘frozen plasma’, which like cryo-poor plasma, is rarely used for therapeutic means. However, to maintain coagulation factors to optimum levels the plasma should be stored at minus 30 degrees centigrade (Lauzier, et al, 2007). FFP can be prepared by separation from whole blood or via plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis is the name given to a â€Å"broad range of procedures† where â€Å"extracorporeal separation of blood components† (Erber, et al, 2006) results in a plasma which is filtered. Preparation To summarise, FFP is collected in citrate-containing anticoagulant solution, frozen within 8 hours and stored at minus 30 degrees centigrade for up to a year. Although every protection is taken to ensure sterility, it is quite possible for the donor to have an asymptomatic bacteraemia at the time of donation (Stanworth, et al, 2004). The bacteria will have its proliferation down-regulated by the plasma being frozen. However, FFP can still sometimes transmit infectious diseases. Therefore, screening and pathogen inactivation may be performed to reduce the risk. FFP contains no RBC’s and also no WBC’s. As there are no WBC’s the plasma is referred to be as being leucodepleted. This is an indication as to why FFP can transmit said diseases. As mentioned pathogen inactivation can be performed and this is done by using either Methylene blue or a solvent/detergent process. The Methylene Blue Technique Methylene blue is a dye that has been shown to be very effective in the inactivation of pathogens. It binds to nucleic acids and, on illumination with white light, singlet oxygen is formed. This then destroys viral DNA and RNA, therefore viral replication cannot take place. Solvent/Detergent Technique This technique is used for the preparation of factors viii and ix as well as immunoglobulins. First, a solvent is added to the plasma which removes the lipid viral envelope. After this is complete, a detergent is added which inactivates the viral contents. The solvent and detergent are then removed by a physical separation technique, in which they are dissolved in oil. Column chromatography can then be used to isolate factors viii and ix. Once any treatment that is required is complete, the FFP is ready for use. It is an accepted practice that FFP is thawed before use (Ho, et al, 2005). The required units of FFP are placed in a water bath set at 30 – 37 degrees centigrade for approximately 20 – 30 minutes. Von Heyman, et al investigated the effects of 2 different thawing machines and running warm water of 43 degrees centigrade, on the activity of clotting factors, inhibitors and activation markers in FFP. They discovered no significant differences in the activity of coagulation markers over a 6 hour period post thawing. However, a major conclusion found was that, if FFP is immediately transfused after thawing, the product remained rich in clotting factors. Also, if the plasma is left, the activity of said clotting factors decline gradually and therefore FFP should only be maintained at room temperature for up to 4 hours. If thawed FFP is not used within 24 hours it becomes a separate product known as ‘thawed plasma’ (Murray, et al, 1995). Most clotting factors are stable in thawed plasma, however some labile factors, such as v and viii are not. Their degradation actually accelerates whilst the plasma is in a liquid state (Lauzier, et al, 2007). The only main advantage of having thawed plasma readily available, is that it can be transfused rapidly if a severely injured patient requires it. FFP Blood Type Specific It is widely accepted that O negative is the universal donor for pRBC’s, however for FFP this isn’t the case. A and B antigens of the blood are located on the red cells themselves. Type O individuals are devoid of these proteins on their red blood cells. Plasma does not contain RBC’s, but it contains antibodies to the corresponding absent protein. An example of this is: Type A individual has Anti-B antibodies in their blood. Type O plasma has both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies and is incompatible with about 55 percent of the population. An individual with type AB blood has neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies. This makes the AB plasma ideal for universal use when the blood type of the patient is unknown. The Rh status is irrelevant because any plasma with Anti-D is destroyed at the manufacturing stage. Recipient blood Acceptable blood groups of donor plasma O O,A,B,AB A A,AB B B,AB AB AB The major problem with blood type AB is that the percentage of the population which has it is only 4 percent. Therefore it is better to use FFP which is blood type compatible, which will be determined at the blood bank. Usage There are very few actual specific needs for the use of FFP (Spence, et al, 2006). Usually FFP is used to treat â€Å"deficiencies of coagulation proteins where specific factor concentrates are unavailable† (Hoffman, et al, 1990). Coagulation deficiencies can occur in a variety of different clinical situations. These include massive blood loss, surgery, and infection or acquired multiple coagulation factor deficiencies. Examples of FFP usage: Replacement of isolated factor deficiencies Reversal of Warfarin effects Massive blood transfusion Antithrombin III deficiency Treatment of immunodeficiency Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura Treatment of Disseminated intravascular coagulation Replacement of isolated factor deficiency FFP can be used to heat deficiencies of factors II, V, VII, IX, X and XI. It is only chosen as a treatment when no specific component therapy is available. Certain factors require a different haemostatic level, for example; severe factor X deficiency only requires a factor level of about 10 percent. Therefore FFP has a range of success when treating factor deficiencies. Reversal of Warfarin effect If a patient is being treated with Warfarin, they have been shown to be deficient in â€Å"functional vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X† (Spence, et al, 2006). Usually vitamin K will be administered, however anticoagulated patients will be actively bleeding, and therefore FFP can be used. Massive blood transfusion The use of FFP as a treatment on massive blood transfusion has increased over the decades. Massive bleeding is defined as â€Å"the loss of one blood volume within 24 hours† or as â€Å"50 percent blood loss within 3 hours† or a â€Å"bleeding rate of 150 ml/minute† (Lauzier, et al, 2007). It is indicated for use in patients who have documented blood clotting abnormalities after large blood loss and who are in need of urgent treatment. This is due to the fact that in most emergency situations it is unacceptable to wait hours for lab results to be returned. Antithrombin III deficiency FFP is sometimes used as a source of Antithrombin III in people who are deficient of this inhibitor. Especially if the patients are undergoing surgery or who use Heparin to treat thrombosis. Treatment of Immunodeficiency FFP has been used in children and adults with a humoral immunodeficiency as a source of immunoglobulin. It is also sometimes used for infants when parental nutrition is lacking, and they are suffering with severe protein losing enteropathy (Erber, et al, 2006). Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura The treatment recommended for this condition is a daily plasma exchange (Murray, et al, 1995). Prompt intervention is indicated if development of neurological abnormalities start to appear. This plasma exchange usually continues for at least 2 days after remission (Ho, et al, 2005). Treatment of Disseminated intravascular coagulation Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome where the control of the coagulation system becomes disturbed and out of control. This is usually due to pro-coagulants being dispersed into circulation (Stanworth, et al, 2004). Most of the time this happens secondary to a disease or disorder, such as cancer. In the presence of DIC, fibrinogen, platelets and coagulation factors V and VIII become rapidly depleted. FFP is given as treatment to prevent further problems or progression. Treatment usually involves a patient being infused with a single line of FFP and then coagulation tests performed to assess the clinical benefit (Stanworth, et al, 2004). There are also some conditional uses where FFP can be used but is not the first choice treatment, such as liver disease and Paediatric use. If patients have an abnormal coagulation profile and are suffering from liver disease, they can be treated with FFP. There is varying success and treatment must be monitored by regular transfusion coagulation tests. Clotting times of infants have been shown to be longer than that of adults (Murray, et al, 1995), and even longer in premature babies (OShaughnessy, et al, 2004). Vitamin K deficiency is the most common cause of neonatal bleeding (Murray, et al, 1995). FFP can be used to counter the effects if required. In the case of babies suffering from haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, FFP can be used as treatment. But only if the â€Å"chance of bleeding is greater than the risk of harmful reactions† to the treatment with FFP (Lauzier, et al, 2007). Risks As with any transfusion there is a risk of infection, the main risks identified include: Disease transmission Excessive intravascular volume Anaphylactoid reactions Alloimmunisation Transfusion related acute lung injury The risks associated with viral infectivity of FFP are similar to that of whole blood and RBC’s. As mentioned earlier this risk can be countered by photochemically treating the plasma. Allergic reactions that occur in response to FFP transfusion vary in severity from â€Å"hives to fatal non-cardiac pulmonary oedema† (Stanworth, et al, 2004). Transfusion relate acute lung injury (TRALI) is defined as a â€Å"new episode of acute lung injury within 6 hours of complicated therapy† (OShaughnessy, et al, 2004). It manifests as severe respiratory problems, including hypoxia and other symptoms linked to pulmonary oedema. Symptoms will usually subside 2 days after ceasing FFP treatment (Stanworth, et al, 2004). Alloimmunisation can occur if Anti-Rh antibodies are formed after treatment with FFP. To counter this, plasma containing Anti-D antibodies should not be given to an RhD-positive recipient. There has also been reported incidences of post-transfusion Hepatitis, and depends on a number factors, including donor selection. Also with any intravenously transfused fluid, there is a chance of hypervolemia which could lead to cardiac failure, therefore administration of FFP should not be given in excessive doses. Below is a suggested dosage breakdown: Volume of 1 Unit Plasma: 200-250 mL 1 mL plasma contains 1 u coagulation factors 1 Unit contains 220 u coagulation factors Factor recovery with transfusion = 40% 1 Unit provides ~80 u coagulation factors 70 kg X .05 = plasma volume of 35 dL (3.5 L) 80 u = 2.3 u/dL = 2.3% (of normal 100 u/dL) 35 dL In a 70 kg Patient: 1 Unit Plasma increases most factors ~2.5% 4 Units Plasma increase most factors ~10% Figures taken from (http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499) Conclusion In conclusion, FFP can be used as an effective treatment for a number of different clinical issues. It also does not come without risk and therefore FFP should be collected, stored, prepared and used in an efficient and safe manner. Below I have summarised the administration of FFP. FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma) Volume: 240-300ml (mean 273ml) Storage: designated temperature controlled freezer. Core temperature -30 o C Shelf life: 24 months (frozen) Must be ABO compatible, but Rh is not necessary to be considered for transfusion and no anti D prophylaxis is required if Rh-D negative patients receive Rh-D positive FFP. Prior to the transfusion FFP must be thawed under controlled conditions using specifically designed equipment. Thawing usually takes approximately 15-30 minutes Once thawed, FFP must not be re-frozen and should be transfused as quickly as possible. Post-thaw storage results in a decline in the quality of coagulation factors. If stored at 4 degrees centigrade post thawing (in a designated temperature controlled refrigerator), the transfusion must be completed within 24 hours of thawing. Pooled solvent-detergent treated plasma is also commercially available Dose: typically 10-15ml/kg. This dose may need to be exceeded in massive haemorrhage depending on the clinical situation and its monitoring (BCSH 2004) Typical infusion rate 10-20ml/kg/hr (approximately 30 minutes per unit) Rapid infusion may be appropriate when given to replace coagulation factors during major haemorrhage. There is anecdotal evidence that acute reactions may be more common with faster administration rates. (http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499) REFERENCES Erber WN, Perry DJ: Plasma and plasma products in the treatment of massive hemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006, 19:97-112 Hewson JR, Neame PB, Kumar N, Ayrton A, Gregor P, Davis C, Shragge BW. Coagulopathy related to dilution and hypotension during massive transfusion. Crit Care Med. 1985;13(5):387-391. Ho AM, Karmakar MK, Dion PW. Are we giving enough coagulation factors during major trauma resuscitation? Am J Surg. 2005;190(3):479-484. Hoffman M, Jenner P. Variability in fibrinogen and Von Willebrand factor content of cryoprecipitate.  Brief Sci Rep. 1990;93(5):694-697. Lauzier F, Cook D, Griffith L, Upton J, Crowther M: Fresh frozen plasma transfusion in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2007, 35:1655-1659. Leslie SD, Toy PT. Laboratory hemostatic abnormalities in massively transfused patients given red blood cells and crystalloid. Am J Clin Pathol. 1991;96(6):770-773. Murray DJ, Olson J, Strauss R, Tinker JH. Coagulation changes during packed red cell replacement of major blood loss. Anesthesiology. 1988;69(6):839-845 Murray DJ, Pennell BJ, Weinstein SL, Olson JD.Packed red cells in acute blood loss: dilutional coagulopathy as a cause of surgical bleeding. Anesth Analg. 1995;80(2):336-342. OShaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, Murphy M, Thomas D, Yates S, Williamson LM, British Committee for Standards in Haematology, Blood Transfusion Task Force: Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. Br J Haematol 2004, 126:11-28. Spence RK: Clinical use of plasma and plasma fractions. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006, 19:83-96. Stanworth SJ, Brunskill SJ, Hyde CJ, McClelland DB, Murphy MF: Is fresh frozen plasma clinically effective? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Haematol 2004, 126:139-152 Tieu BH, Holcomb JB, Schreiber MA. Coagulopathy:its pathophysiology and treatment in the injured patient. World J Surg. 2007;31(5):1055-1065 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasma http://www.psbc.org/therapy/ffp.htm http://reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499 http://ccforum.com/content/14/1/202

Slaverys Coexistence with Other Economic Systems :: A Respectable Trade Capitalism Slavery Essays

Slavery's Coexistence with Other Economic Systems Slavery as economic order based on the ownership and exploitation of human beings as property is widely covered in A Respectable Trade. The film, however, does not solely reveal slavery and its characteristics. It is a film rich in reference to other economical orders as well, because besides elaborately showing from different aspects the processes typical for the establishment of slavery, it touches on and gives examples on economic relationships that are rather characterized as capitalist, feudal or self-employment-related. The action in A Respectable Trade takes place in 1788 in the English city of Bristol, starting with the marriage between Frances Scott and Josiah Cole. Frances, an educated and refined young woman of genteel origin, is left poor and with no inheritance after the death of her father. For lack of a better alternative, she marries the rough and uneducated Josiah who trades with ships, led by the motive to import slaves directly to England, have them educated and polished by his wife, and sell them as house servants at a better price . Josiah is far from successful in his trade: he only manages to import eight slaves and eventually to sell only two of them. However, this is enough to elucidate the main characteristics of slavery as an economic order. The arrival of his slaves, the process of educating them and their final escape represent a peculiar slavery-cycle that elaborates on important economic issues such as the slaves' status, the creation of subservient attitude in them (or at l east the attempt to), the strategies of breaking up their independent spirits, and their resistance. A typical characteristic of slavery is that slaves are considered just another element of the productive resources. They are regarded as property, as chattel, and can be freely sold as such. Never considered human beings with consciousness and will, slaves are often described with the term 'instrumentum vocale', meaning that they are seen just as instruments capable of producing human speech. Naturally, like any human beings, slaves have a consciousness of free and independent people, and it takes time and effort to impose on them an attitude of subservience and obedience, a consciousness of being no longer human beings but enslaved pieces of property. In A Respectable Trade that is achieved in several different ways. Firstly, the slaves are imported by ships to England - extremely far from their homeland, especially in the context of the 18th century. Slavery's Coexistence with Other Economic Systems :: A Respectable Trade Capitalism Slavery Essays Slavery's Coexistence with Other Economic Systems Slavery as economic order based on the ownership and exploitation of human beings as property is widely covered in A Respectable Trade. The film, however, does not solely reveal slavery and its characteristics. It is a film rich in reference to other economical orders as well, because besides elaborately showing from different aspects the processes typical for the establishment of slavery, it touches on and gives examples on economic relationships that are rather characterized as capitalist, feudal or self-employment-related. The action in A Respectable Trade takes place in 1788 in the English city of Bristol, starting with the marriage between Frances Scott and Josiah Cole. Frances, an educated and refined young woman of genteel origin, is left poor and with no inheritance after the death of her father. For lack of a better alternative, she marries the rough and uneducated Josiah who trades with ships, led by the motive to import slaves directly to England, have them educated and polished by his wife, and sell them as house servants at a better price . Josiah is far from successful in his trade: he only manages to import eight slaves and eventually to sell only two of them. However, this is enough to elucidate the main characteristics of slavery as an economic order. The arrival of his slaves, the process of educating them and their final escape represent a peculiar slavery-cycle that elaborates on important economic issues such as the slaves' status, the creation of subservient attitude in them (or at l east the attempt to), the strategies of breaking up their independent spirits, and their resistance. A typical characteristic of slavery is that slaves are considered just another element of the productive resources. They are regarded as property, as chattel, and can be freely sold as such. Never considered human beings with consciousness and will, slaves are often described with the term 'instrumentum vocale', meaning that they are seen just as instruments capable of producing human speech. Naturally, like any human beings, slaves have a consciousness of free and independent people, and it takes time and effort to impose on them an attitude of subservience and obedience, a consciousness of being no longer human beings but enslaved pieces of property. In A Respectable Trade that is achieved in several different ways. Firstly, the slaves are imported by ships to England - extremely far from their homeland, especially in the context of the 18th century.

Machiavelli and Weber: Comparing Political Philosophies Essay

Philosophy is referred to as a set of beliefs, concepts and attitudes held by an individual or a group of people. It is the study of problems in general and the prescription of solutions to problems based on critical and systemic analyses and the employment of rational argument. Philosophy through the lens of Political Science does so as mentioned above in terms of the state, the governance of the state the ethics of an individual in possession of political power. Political philosophers focus on the issues relating to the state, such as political action that need or need not be taken and the general behavior of a given individual involved in politics. With the focus set on just the state, political action and violence, two philosophers have critically analyzed politics through the three concepts listed above: Niccolo Machiavelli and Max Weber. They each have their own views, opinions and suggestions that both have similarities and differences considering the cultural and temporal inc onsistency between the both of them. The fact that some of their ideas intersect is fascinating. Niccolo Machiavelli, known as the founding father of modern Political Science, lived between 1469 and 1752 in Florence in what is known today as Italy. He is not only known for his work in politics and diplomacy, as he was also a well-versed historian. He employed the method of citing historic figures and events in his justification for the suggestions he made in his famous book: The Prince. In the book that was dedicated to Lorenzo Medici, Machiavelli raises many important aspects relating to the political environment, governance and ethics of an individual in possession of political power citing political actions that should and should not be  taken, the state briefly and violence in governing which is studied by political philosophers today as there are many ancient concepts and practices mentioned in the text that can still be incorporated into modern political practices. Max Weber famously known as one of the three founders of modern Sociology, lived between 1864 and 1920 in Germany. Although he specialized in the field of Sociology, Weber did delve into the world of politics. His methods differ from that of Machiavelli as time progressed, so did society and the knowledge possessed by mankind. Instead of employing the method of historical analysis in his philosophy of politics, Weber utilizes Sociology in his analysis of the political realm. In his groundbreaking essay titled ‘Politics as a Vocation’, Weber explores the world of politics through political actions based on social implications; be it good or bad and weighing the benefits against cost. He goes on to mention the state and its rights of governance in which violence is also cited. This document is also of interest to those in the field of politics, as his definition of the state has become the general understanding of Western social thought. In this paper, I would argue that although their opinions on governance may be different on the outlook, they share a similarity, which can be detected through analyzing their philosophies carefully. This also means that they share differing views on the concepts of political action, the state and violence which will also be analyzed in this paper. NICCOLA MACHIAVELLI In his book, The Prince, Machiavelli focuses his attention on counseling and educating the prince, Lorenzo Medici in the treacherous world of politics. The book is considered in simple terms a manual to being the prince. As such, he elaborates on an array of ideas relating to politics. For the purpose of this paper, the content of his writing will be analyzed through the three concepts listed above. In terms of political action, Machiavelli writes about cruelty and violence and the proper use of the evil act of cruelty. He admits that cruelty can and should be used wisely once within a  rule as he explains in his words â€Å"_Injuries therefore, should be inflicted all at the same time, for the less they are tasted, the less they offend._† (Cahn, 2011, p. 260). He then goes on to say that after that one infliction of injury, the prince should gradually distribute benefits in small quantities successively (Cahn, 2011, p. 260). Machiavelli raises a good point in his explanatio n above as when people are constantly subject to miseries, injuries and misfortune, they will eventually grow weary of it and revolt, however if the need for the use of cruelty arises and is applied in the prince’s governance at one point of time, it is only felt once and can sometimes be forgiven through time. It is basic knowledge from daily observation that repetitive actions can be very irritating and that understanding can be applied in Machiavelli’s justification for the use of cruelty. As for the distribution of benefits after the fact of cruelty, it works well as Machiavelli states that the subjects can fully savor the goodness of the benefits if they are given in small quantities successively. After being treated with cruelty, the gradual distribution of benefits would show the subjects that it can only get better from there on and would appease the subjects. This concept can be seen today in many forms of government, where benefits such as tax returns or any form of government assistance is always given in small amounts and in monthly or yearly intervals. This is where Machiavelli relates political action to violence. The state can also be related to Machiavelli’s conception of political action. Through his writings, Machiavelli was seen as an individual who detested representative governments or republics and therefore refers to the state as the prince’s possession which meant that the prince was the state. As such, the prince or the state was free to act in a way that it sees fit for the greater good of the state itself. Machiavelli’s conception of the state suggests that he believes a different set of moral rules apply to the state and that it is unreasonable for the state to act just like a regular person would act. MAX WEBER In his essay titled ‘_Politics as a Vocation_’, Max Weber explores the world of politics through the lens of Sociology. As Weber delves into the lecture,  he begins by stating that politics exist exclusively in the realm of the State and between states. This leads Weber to defining state in his own words, â€Å"_Today, however, we have to say that a state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory_.† (Weber, 1919, p.1). Weber, Like Machiavelli, believed that the violence and cruelty could be incorporated into governance however with the explicit use of the term ‘legitimate’. The idea of legitimate violence is ambiguous in a sense of what is considered legitimate violence? The ambiguity of the term has created a ‘grey-zone’ for which the definition of legitimate violence can be debated. However, gathering from his ideas and considering his position in the timeline of political philosophers, Weber’s understanding of legitimate violence can be explained as violence that is state sanctioned to protect the majority of the people within a state. This means that the state can use violence to halt the advance of individuals who commit crimes that harm the state as a whole in which the greater good of the state is the reason for violence rather than personal gain. For example, in the recent 2010 Toronto G20 Summit riots, those who were involved in the rioting were subject to violence from the police (who are authorized by the state to act on its behalf) who arrested the rioters. The riot was a harmful act carried out by a group of citizens and by using violence, the police were able to curb the threat and return downtown Toronto to its regular daily life. Weber’s definition of the state and his use of the term ‘legitimate violence’ satisfactorily connects the three concepts listed above. ANALYSIS Comparing the ideas of Machiavelli and Weber, there are some notable similarities although the two philosophers lived in different points in history and also in different parts of Europe. There are also some clear differences in their view of politics which will be listed. Both Machiavelli and Weber condone to state sanctioned violence with the purpose of the greater good of the public, however their views on the degree of violence differ substantially. For Machiavelli, he believed that cruelty and violence should be used only once and it can vary in degrees depending on the  circumstances. This means that Machiavelli condones to excessive use of violence in one single use. As for Weber, his idea of the legitimate use of violence would imply that the violence used would be used in a way that it is not excessive and used only to temporarily disable rather than harm permanently. Their views on the state are also quite similar and different at the same time. Machiavelli refers to the state as the prince’s possession while Weber referred to the state as an entity that had the power to use legitimate violence. The similarity between the two ideas is the fact that they both agree the state has rights that regular citizens do not. The difference is that Machiavelli believed the prince was able to act freely (wisely) in any way he seen fit to achieve success. Weber on the other hand believed that violence should only be used against those who threaten the peace and security of the state rather than personal gain. Machiavelli’s philosophy can be seen as a more realistic view of human nature and his suggestions are more appealing as they are more practical to individual gain. He is one of the few philosophers that acknowledges and condones to evil as many philosophers tend to write only on how men should live rather than how men actually live. Weber also has a sense of practicality in his views but is more downplayed and fair as violence or evil in his opinion was to be used to maintain peace and order within the state. After the analysis of the two philosophers, it can be concluded that although their views may seem very different, they are in a way similar. Their views on violence are both the same to a point and also different when they delve further into explaining more into the concept. Their conception of the state are also similar to a point until it was elaborated upon which clear differences could be seen. They both agreed violence could be used in governance however the degree and actual purpose differed when analyzed. In terms of their conception of the state, they both agreed that the state has rights that normal citizens were not in possession of to carry out violence. However, Machiavelli’s definition of the state was the prince’s possession while Weber’s definition of the state is a government within a territory that is authorized to use legitimate physical violence. Weber’s definition of the state is more relevant to the modern understanding of the state as it is the basis of understanding the relationship between the state and its  people where the enforcement of law comes into play. Machiavelli’s viewpoint was more individualistic and focuses more on the politician itself than the state and the greater good for the public. As Thomas Hobbes said, there is a difference between the transferring of power to an entity rather than an individual. Of course, Machiavelli did write _The Prince_ well before Thomas Hobbes’ time. References Cahn, S. M. (2011). _Political Philosophy_. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Weber, M. (1919). _Politics as a Vocation_. Retrieved from http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/polisci/ethos/Weber-vocation.pdf.

Whats the Deal with Improving Paragraphs SAT Writing Section Guide and Advice

What's the Deal with Improving Paragraphs SAT Writing Section Guide and Advice SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re not familiar with the design of these questions on every SAT, you should be. Here’s the scoop on Improving Paragraphs (and, bonus, a quick and dirty guide to acing the SAT Essay)! In this post,we’ll look at what these questions are designed to test, why those skills are important, and, of course, how to easily take the questionsapart on test day. The Problem Education in the U.S. has changed a lot since the SAT’s inception in 1926, and so must the test. The skill of writing is a great example of how they’ve had to do that. Before 2005, the SAT didn’t have any way to measure students’ ability to read or write more than a sentence at a time. Many college officials and instructors understandably felt that this was not an ideal way to test college preparedness- most college freshmen are expected to write multiple 5-8 page papers in the first semester. But writing is a complicated process- how to break it down into small, multiple-choice-type questions? One of the ways the College Board came up with was Improving Paragraphs. The Solution Since 2005, one Writing section in each SAT has ended with a question type called Improving Paragraphs. It shows you what it calls â€Å"an early draft of an essay.† It consists of 2-4 paragraphs in which each sentence is numbered. The questions ask you to identify mistakes or make improvements to the paragraphs. Here’s an example of a question and the sentence it asks about: (6) Although zoologists do not believe that increasing numbers of raptors pose any threat to humans in urban areas, they feel it is important to maintain ongoing surveillance of the main ones where nests are most common. In context, which would best replace the word â€Å"ones† in sentence 6? (A) raptors (B) objects (C) experiments (D) urban areas (E) hypotheses The Breakdown At PrepScholar, our years of experience teaching at both the high school and college levels makes the purpose of the above question, and others like it, quite clear. In this post, we’re going to share that clarity with you. We’ll go through some common question types and explain what they're really testing. The Transition Question It asks†¦ ...which of five sentences would be best to put between two sentences (at the beginning of a paragraph). It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you know how to use transitions. Between two paragraphs, either at the end of the first or the beginning of the second, something- usually a whole sentence- should connect the main ideas of the two paragraphs to each other. Wrong answers on the SAT will mention the main idea of only one, or neither, of the paragraphs concerned. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that many students just don’t use transitions in their writing, accidentally taking the reader on a confusing, bumpy ride. But the SAT can’t ask â€Å"does this need a transition?† because there would only be 2 answers: yes and no. They also can’t ask you to write a transition yourself, since someone would then have to read it. The only option is to give you one appropriate transition and four much less appropriate sentences, and make you find the right one. The Addition Question It asks... ...which of five sentences would be best to insert into the essay at a certain point. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you understand how to organize an essay. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that students sometimes skip linking information in their thought processes. The first sentence says something about a movie star being courageous. The one after it in the passage, which would go after the sentence we choose as the answer to this question, mentions an outcome that applies to both the movie star and the narrator. The correct answer is a direct comparison between the two- without it, the paragraph is a bit weird, but not confusing. These are difficult because they’re subtle, but the idea is the same as #30: which sentence best connects the sentences that go before and after it? The Wording Question It asks†¦ ...which of five words or phrases would be best to replace another word. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you know how to be specific. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that students are often (read: almost always) far too vague in their writing, both in high school and college, because it’s easier to be vague. The essay is where the SAT tries to test this the most stringently, but they kind of take a stab at it here, too. Because the SAT has to come up with five answers, the words (or phrases) in these kinds of questions are usually extremely vague, like â€Å"things,† â€Å"ideas,† or â€Å"groups.† Then you have to figure out, based on context, what that vague word or phrase means more specifically. The answers, for example, might be similar nouns with different adjectives attached to them, and you have to decide which adjective would fit best with the surrounding sentences. The Main Idea Question It asks... ...about the purpose of a paragraph. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you understand the meaning in context of some chunk of writing. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that many students don’t read deeply enough to understand how an author’s use of an example or story fits into his or her overall point. Most academic texts don’t start with a main idea like, â€Å"Cities have too much sprawl; it should be reduced.† Instead, they say something like â€Å"The strip malls designed to serve residents of new housing developments in many suburbs are not suitable replacements for historic districts or unique, local culture.† It could be argued that the first statement is clearer and thus better, but many of the works you’ll read in college will be even less clear than the second statement above, so the SAT tries to test your ability to see through the nonsense to the author’s point. The PhrasingQuestion It asks... ...you to revise half of a sentence. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you know how to be concise. It addresses the problem†¦ ...that students use more words than they need to in communicating their points. Most of the revision questions in Improving Paragraphs are about conciseness; that’s why it’s called Improving Paragraphs and not Fixing Errors That Happen to Be in Paragraphs. Sometimes, however, they test appropriateness in context- for example, if two sentences contrast, the second needs to start with a word or phrase that indicates that contrast, e.g. â€Å"However,† â€Å"On the other hand,† or â€Å"Others believe that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Deletion Question It asks... ...which sentence should be deleted. It’s really testing†¦ ...whether you can eliminate irrelevant information. It addresses the problem†¦ ...of fluff, i.e. filler writing that doesn’t help develop the point of the essay. Students at both the high school and college levels tend to include irrelevant details in their writing. Nobody knows what leads to this mysterious phenomenon, but enough of it can make an essay sound like nonsense. The question is, which sentence has the least to do with the essay as a whole? (If the sentence is related to the essay, but a different part than where it is, they’ll usually ask you to move it rather than delete it.) Bonus Time: Improving Paragraphs is Useful for the Essay Too And here’s your prize for reading all the way to the end! The underlined phrases above (and below) comprise a concise set of guidelines for the SAT essay (and, really, most essays). Use transitions: the joints between paragraphs are the places readers read first. Make sure you move smoothly from one idea to the next. Organize: keep like ideas together and don’t repeat yourself. Be specific: as much as possible, use concrete names, places, and dates; instead of ‘great’ or ‘terrible,’ use specific adjectives like ‘progressive’ or ‘destructive.’ Use examples and stories: rather than hypothetical, â€Å"what-if† scenarios, you can invent situations and events to illustrate your point, so do it! Be concise: cut the fluff, it doesn’t add to your essay, and the readers see it as repetition, which hurts your score. Avoid irrelevant information: this is also tied to organization; give only examples that really drive home your point, not things that ‘kind of’ show what you mean. Other Posts You Might Like: What is a good SAT score? A bad SAT score? SAT Writing Guide Part II: Essays SAT Writing Guide Part III: Improving Sentences